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What is/are the difference of the subject?

While the activities performed under “Purchase, “Pre-payment” or “Negotiation” might often be the same (i.e. examine documents and pay the beneficiary in advance), negotiation is wider in scope.

While purchase or pre-payment refers to the actual act of advancing funds, negotiation includes agreeing to advance funds on or before the date on which reimbursement is due from the issuing bank.

UCP290 article 3 defines negotiation as purchase/negotiation. hence purchase and negotiation can be treated in the same way.